LOUIS DE BROGLIE ATOMIC THEORY SERIES
LOUIS DE BROGLIE ATOMIC THEORY FREE

These experiments were rapidly followed by the first non-relativistic diffraction model for electrons by Hans Bethe based upon the Schrödinger equation, which is very close to how electron diffraction is now described. Alexander Reid, who was Thomson's graduate student, performed the first experiments, but he died soon after in a motorcycle accident and is rarely mentioned. Both the wave nature and the undulatory mechanics approach were experimentally confirmed for electron beams by experiments from two groups performed independently, the first the Davisson–Germer experiment, the other by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid. This rapidly became part of what was called by Erwin Schrödinger undulatory mechanics, now called the Schrödinger equation or wave mechanics. Both of these depend upon the energy, which in turn connects to the wavevector and the relativistic formulation of Albert Einstein a few years before. He proposed that particles are bundles of waves ( wave packets) which move with a group velocity and have an effective mass. He merged the idea of thinking about them as particles, and of thinking of them as waves. He suggested that an electron around a nucleus could be thought of as being a standing wave, and that electrons and all matter could be considered as waves. In 1924 Louis de Broglie in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta introduced his theory of electron waves.

LOUIS DE BROGLIE ATOMIC THEORY FREE

Thomson, : I:361 Robert Millikan, : I:89 and Charles Wilson : I:4 among others had shown that free electrons had particle properties, for instance the measurement of their mass by Thompson in 1897. The contradictory evidence from electrons arrived in the opposite order. : 211 The experimental evidence of particle-like momentum and energy seemingly contradicted the earlier work demonstrating wave-like interference of light.

LOUIS DE BROGLIE ATOMIC THEORY SERIES

Despite confirmation by various experimental observations, the photon theory (as it came to be called) remained controversial until Arthur Compton performed a series of experiments from 1922 to 1924 demonstrating the momentum of light. In 1905 Einstein interpreted the photoelectric effect also with discrete energies for photons. Max Planck heuristically derived a formula for the observed spectrum by assuming that a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black-body radiation could only change its energy in a minimal increment, E, that was proportional to the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave. However the wave model was challenged in 1901 by Planck's law for black-body radiation. Thomas Young's interference experiments in 1801, and François Arago's detection of the Poisson spot in 1819, validated Huygen's wave models. In the late 17th century Sir Isaac Newton had advocated that light was particles, but Christiaan Huygens took an opposing wave approach. The concept of duality arose to name these contradictions. : III:1-1 During the 19th and early 20th centuries, light was found to behave as a wave, and then later discovered to have a particulate character, whereas electrons were found to act as particles, and then later discovered to have wavelike aspects. : 59 It expresses the inability of the classical concepts such as particle or wave to fully describe the behavior of quantum objects.

Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that quantum entities exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances.

Louis de broglie atomic theory